Rheumatoid Arthritis

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium—the lining of membranes that surround joints—leading to inflammation, pain, and joint damage.

Causes and Risk Factors

Autoimmune response: Immune cells attack joint lining
Genetics: Family history increases risk
Hormones: More common in women
Infections: Viral/bacterial triggers suspected
Lifestyle: Smoking, obesity

Symptoms

Joint pain and swelling
Stiffness (especially in morning)
Fatigue
Weight loss
Fever
Rheumatoid nodules (under skin)
Redness and warmth around joints
Symmetrical joint involvement

Diagnosis

Medical history and physical exam
Blood tests:
- Rheumatoid factor (RF)
- Anti-CCP antibodies
- ESR and CRP (inflammation markers)
Imaging:
- X-rays
- Ultrasound or MRI for joint erosion

Treatment Options

Medications

NSAIDs: Reduce pain and inflammation
Corticosteroids: For short-term symptom control
DMARDs (e.g., Methotrexate): Slow disease progression
Biologics (e.g., TNF inhibitors): Target immune response
JAK Inhibitors: New class for severe RA

Physical Therapy

Improves mobility and flexibility
Reduces stiffness and muscle wasting
Custom exercise plans

Lifestyle Modifications

Balanced anti-inflammatory diet
Weight management
Smoking cessation
Stress reduction (yoga, meditation)

Surgery (in advanced cases)

Joint replacement
Synovectomy
Tendon repair
Joint fusion

Complications

Joint deformity and disability
Lung, heart, or eye involvement
Increased risk of infections
Osteoporosis
Anemia
Fatigue and depression

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is there a cure for RA?
A: No cure, but early diagnosis and treatment can lead to remission and improved quality of life.

Q: Is RA the same as osteoarthritis?
A: No. RA is autoimmune; osteoarthritis is wear-and-tear related.

Q: Can diet help RA symptoms?
A: Yes. Anti-inflammatory diets rich in omega-3s, fruits, and vegetables may reduce symptoms.

Q: Is RA hereditary?
A: Genes play a role, but environmental triggers are also important.

Q: Can RA affect organs other than joints?
A: Yes. It may impact lungs, heart, eyes, and blood vessels.

Q: When is surgery needed?
A: If medications fail and joint damage severely limits function.

Q: Is it safe to exercise with RA?
A: Yes. Gentle activities like swimming and walking are recommended.