Kidney Stones Removal Surgery

What are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are solid deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys. They vary in size and may remain in the kidneys or travel down the urinary tract.

Causes of Kidney Stones

Dehydration
Excess calcium or uric acid in urine
Obesity
High-protein or high-sodium diet
Certain supplements and medications
Digestive diseases and surgeries

Symptoms

Severe pain in the side and back
Pain radiating to the lower abdomen and groin
Pink, red, or brown urine
Frequent urination
Nausea and vomiting
Fever and chills (if infection is present)

Diagnosis

Imaging tests: CT scan, ultrasound, or X-ray
Urine test: Checks for stone-forming substances
Blood test: Identifies excess minerals or substances

Kidney Stones Removal Procedures

1. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

Uses sound waves to break stones into smaller pieces
Non-invasive; done under sedation or anesthesia
Suitable for medium-sized stones

2. Ureteroscopy

A thin tube with a camera is inserted through the urethra to the ureter
Laser may be used to break the stone
Fragments are removed with a basket

3. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

A small incision is made in the back to remove large stones
Uses nephroscope and instruments to extract the stone
Recommended for larger or complex stones

4. Open or Laparoscopic Surgery

Rarely used now
Required for very large, hard-to-reach stones

Recovery and Aftercare

Pain management
Plenty of fluid intake
Avoid high-oxalate foods
Monitor for recurring symptoms
Follow-up imaging to ensure complete removal

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: When is surgery needed for kidney stones?
A: If stones are too large, cause persistent symptoms, block urine flow, or lead to infection.

Q: Is laser surgery painful?
A: Typically done under anesthesia; mild discomfort post-op may occur.

Q: How long is the recovery?
A: Depends on procedure type—ranging from 1 day (ESWL) to 1–2 weeks (PCNL).

Q: Can kidney stones recur after surgery?
A: Yes, if dietary/lifestyle factors aren't modified.

Q: How can recurrence be prevented?
A: Stay hydrated, limit salt/protein intake, and follow up regularly.